Mineral and synthetic base oils cannot achieve desired performance expected from lubricants. These synthetic chemicals can enhance certain properties, develop new features and may even prevent unwanted specifications in the finished lubricants. Additives are classified in two major groups based on their functions:

1- Additives affecting on physical and chemical specifications of base oil

• Physical properties such as: viscosity-temperature properties, demulsibility, low temperature properties, and etc.

• Chemical properties such as: oxidation and so on.

2- Additives affecting on metal surface

• Physical/chemical properties improvers such as: friction reduction, extreme pressure properties, wearing protection, and so on.

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Base oil is an essential part of fluids used for the production of lubricants. Physical and chemical characterizations of base oil define the final application where lubricants are meant to perform. In ideal condition, a high viscosity index that is required to preserve viscosity against temperature variation and low sulfur content which is needed to avoid poisonous gaseous development and to perform high fluidity at low-temperature are the major specifications expected from lubricants. The below figure illustrates the effects of various base oil specifications on finished lubricants.

These products are either petroleum- derivatives chemicals or auxiliary compounds that are widely served in different industries.